| Selander Lisen and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2016. Digital Action Repertoires and Transforming a Social Movement Organization. MIS Quarterly 40(2), 331-352. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Liisa Valikangas. 2016. From Governance Void to Interactive Governing Behaviors in New Research Networks. Academy of Management Discoveries 2(3), 226-246. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Ann Majchrzak. 2016. Interactive Self-Regulatory Theory for Sharing and Protecting in Interorganizational Collaborations. Academy of Management Review 41(1), 9-27. |
| Ann Majchrzak, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Mehdi Bagherzadeh. 2015. A Review of Interorganizational Collaboration Dynamics. Journal of Management 41(5), 1338-1360. |
| Shi Ying Lim, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Holly J. Lanham. 2015. Barriers to Interorganizational Knowledge Transfer in Post-Hospital Care Transitions: Review and Directions for Information Systems Research. Journal of Management Information Systems 32(3), 48-74. |
| Fang Su, Ji-Ye Mao, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2014. How do IT Outsourcing Vendors Respond to Shocks in Client Demand? A Resource Dependence Perspective. Journal of Information Technology 29(3), 253-267. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Virpi Kristiina Tuunainen. 2013. How Finnair Socialized Customers for Service Co-Creation with Social Media. MIS Quarterly Executive 12(3), 125-136. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Karl Lang. 2011. Boundary Management in Online Communities: Case Studies of the Nine Inch Nails and ccMixter Music Remix Sites. Long Range Planning 44(5/6), 440 -457. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Elizabeth Keating. 2011. Hallowed Grounds: The Role of Cultural Values, Practices, and Institutions in TMS in an Offshored Complex Engineering Services Project. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 58(4), 786-798. |
| Molly Wasko, Robin Teigland, Dorothy Leidner, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2011. Stepping Into The Internet: New Ventures in Virtual Worlds. MIS Quarterly 35(3), 645-652. |
| Zuhair Khan and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2010. Exploring temploral coordination of events with Facebook.com. Journal of Information Technology 25(2), 137-151. |
| Ann Majchrzak and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2010. Safe Contexts for Interorganizational Collaborations Among Homeland Security Professionals. Journal of Management Information Systems 27(2), 55-86. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Ann Majchrzak. 2010. Vigilant Interaction in Knowledge Collaboration: Challenges of Online User Participation Under Ambivalence. Information Systems Research 21(4), 773-784. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Claudia Loebbecke. 2009. Strategic management implications of a consumer value perspective on Mobile TV. Journal of Information Technology 24, 202-212. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Ann Majchrzak. 2008. Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks. Organization Science 19, 260-276. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Ji-Ye JM Mao. 2008. Operational capabilities development in mediated offshore software services models. Journal of Information Technology (Palgrave Macmillan) 23, 3-17. |
| Majchrzak, Ann, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Hollingshead, Andrea B. 2007. Coordinating Expertise Among Emergent Groups Responding to Disasters. Organization Science 18, 147-161. |
| Polzer, Jeffrey T., Crisp, C. Brad, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Kim, Jerry W. 2006. Extending the Faultline Model to Geographically Dispersed Teams: How Colocated Subgroups Can Impair Group Functioning. Academy of Management Journal 49, 679-692. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Huseyin Tanriverdi. 2006. Knowledge ownership and territoriality: A conceptualization and scenario based experimental investigation: Academy of Management Meetings, in , Atlanta, Georgia. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Karl R. Lang. 2005. Managing the Paradoxes of Mobile Technology. Information Systems Management 22, 7-23. |
| Chang, Cherry and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2005. Pace of Information Systems Standards Development and Implementation: The Case of XBRL. Electronic Markets 15, 365-377. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Thomas R. Shaw, and Sandy D. Staples. 2004. Toward Contextualized Theories of Trust: The Role of Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Information Systems Research 15, 250-267. |
| Alina M. Chircu and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2003. Communication Technologies Adoption Among Heterogeneous Network Users: The Case of Instant Messaging, in The Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. |
| Stefano Grazioli and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2003. Consumer and Business Deception on the Internet: Content Analysis of Documentary Evidence. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 7, 93-118. |
| Michael Barrett, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Leiser Silva, and Geoff Walsham. 2003. ICTs, Globalization and Local Diversity. Communications of AIS 11, 486-487. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Huseyin Tanriverdi. 2003. Leading Virtual Knowledge Networks. Organizational Dynamics 31, 403-412. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Karl Reiner Lang, Yoko Takeda, and Virpi Kristiina Tuunainen. 2003. Mobile Commerce at Crossroads. Communications of the ACM 46, 41-44. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Huseyin Tanriverdi. 2003. Psychological Ownership of Knowledge: Antecedents and Consequences of Knowledge Creation in Knowledge-Based Organizations: Minnesota Symposium on Knowledge Management, in , Minnesota. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2003. Regulation And The Internet: Public Choice Insights For Business Organizations. California Management Review 46. |
| Jane C. Linder, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Thomas H. Davenport. 2003. Toward an Innovation Sourcing Strategy. MIT Sloan Management Review 44. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Kerem Tomak. 2002. Competing in Mobile Business, in Competing in Information Age, J. Luftman, ed. Oxford Press. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and N. Tractinsky. 2002. Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation, in New Directions in Electronic Commerce Research, C.W. Steinfield, ed. Purdue University Press. |
| Sridhar Balasubramanian, Robert A. Peterson, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2002. Exploring the Implications of M-Commerce for Markets and Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 30, 344-357. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Kerem Tomak. 2002. Value Creation in Mobile Business, in Competing in the Information Age, J. Luftmann, ed. Oxford University Press. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Emerson H. Tiller. 2001. Consumer Trust in Virtual Environments: A Managerial Perspective. Boston University Law Review 81, 665-686. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and D. Sandy Staples. 2001. Exploring Perceptions of Organizational Ownership of Information and Expertise. Journal of Management Information Systems 18, 151-183. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and S.K. Yayavaram. 2001. Globalizing E-Business: The Role of Institutional Environments, in Handbook of E-Business, P.B. Lowry, J.O. Cherrington, and R.R. Watson, eds. CRC Press. |
| Beatrix Cendon and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2001. The Development and Exercise of Power by Leaders of Support Units in Implementing Information Technology-Based Services. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 10, 121-158. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Noam Tractinsky, and Michael Vitale. 2000. Consumer Trust in an Internet Store. Information Technology and Management Special Issue on Electronic Commerce 1, 45-72. |
| Thomas Davenport and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2000. Digital Marketing and the Exchange of Knowledge, in Digital Marketing: Global Strategies from the World's Leading Experts, J. Wind and V. Mahajan, eds. John Wiley & Sons. |
| Stefano Grazioli and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2000. Perils of Internet Fraud: An Empirical Investigation of Deception and Trust with Experienced Internet Consumers. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 30, 393-410. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Stefano Grazioli. 2000. Surfing Among Sharks: How to Gain Trust in Cyberspace, in Financial Times Mastering Information Management, D.A. Marchand, T.H. Davenport, and T. Dickson, eds. Pearson Education Limited. |
| D.B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2000. Tactics for Managing Radical Change, in Process Think: Winning Perspectives for Business Change in the Information Age, V. Grover and W.J. Kettinger, eds. Idea Group Publishing. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Emerson H. Tiller, and L.J. Kirsch. 2000. The Global Network Organization of the Future, in Managing Information Technology, G.W. Dickson and G. DeSanctis, eds. Prentice-Hall. |
| Lee Freeman, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Brad C. Wheeler. 2000. The Supply and Demand of IS Doctorates: Past, Present and Future. MIS Quarterly 24, 355-380. |
| D. Sandy Staples and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2000. The Use of Collaborative Electronic Media for Information Sharing Activities: A Replication and Extension, in Proceedings of the Twenty First International Conference on Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia, 117-133. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and D. Sandy Staples. 2000. The Use of Collaborative Electronic Media for Information Sharing: An Exploratory Study of Determinants. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 9, 129-154. |
| B. Crisp and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 2000. Trust in Time: A Study of Global Virtual Teams, in 2000 Academy of Management Conference, Toronto, Canada. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Dorothy E. Leidner. 1999. Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Organization Science Special Issue on Communication Processes for Virtual Organizations 10, 791-815. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Noam Tractinsky. 1999. Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 5. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Emerson H. Tiller. 1999. Integrating Market, Technology, and Policy Opportunities in E-Business Strategy. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 8, 235-249. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Dorothy E. Leidner. 1998. An Information Company in Mexico: Extending the Resource-Based View of a Firm to a Developing Country Context. Information Systems Research 9, 342-361. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Donna B. Stoddard. 1998. Business Process Redesign: Radical and Evolutionary Change. Journal of Business Research 41, 15-28. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Kathy Knoll, and Dorothy Leidner. 1998. Is Anybody Out There?: The Antecedents of Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Journal of Management Information Systems 14, 29-64. |
| K. Knoll and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1998. Working Together in Global Virtual Teams, in The Virtual Workplace,, Magid Igbaria and Margaret Tan, eds. Idea Group Publishing, 2-23. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Dorothy E. Leidner. 1997. An Information Company in Mexico: Extending the Resource-Based View of the Firm, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems, Atlanta, GA. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Peter Todd. 1997. Consumer Reactions to Electronic Shopping on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 1, 2, 59-88. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Peter Todd. 1997. Is There a Future for Consumer Retailing on the Internet?, in Electronic Marketing and Consumer, R. Peterson, ed. Sage Publications. |
| T. Shaw and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1997. Process Models in Information Systems, in IFIP WG 8.2 Working Conference on Information Systems and Qualitative Research, Philadelphia, PA. |
| Donna B. Stoddard, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Michael Littlejohn. 1996. Business Reengineering in Reality: Pacific Bell's Centrex Provisioning Process. California Management Review 38, 57-76. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1996. Computer Graphics, in Encyclopedia of Management, Cooper and Argyris, eds. Blackbell Ltd. |
| Thomas Davenport, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Michael Beers. 1996. Improving Knowledge Work Processes. MIT Sloan Management Review 37, 53-65. |
| Thomas H. Davenport and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1996. Improving Processes for Knowledge Work. Chemtech 26, 14-23. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1996. Introducing Transformational Information Technologies: The Case of the World Wide Web Technology. Journal of Electronic Commerce 1, 95-126. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1996. The reality of business reengineering: Pacific Bell's Centrex.. California Management Review 38, 57-76. |
| Bake Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1996. Will the Internet Revolutionize Business Education and Research? MIT Sloan Management Review 37, 33-41. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. Business Process Redesign: Tactics for Managing Radical Change. Journal of Management Information Systems 12, 81-107. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, B. Ives, and K. Pearlson. 1995. Global Customer Service for the Computer and Communications Industry, in Global Information Technology and Systems Management, Ivy League Publishing. |
| Noam Tractinsky and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. Information Systems Design Decisions in a Global Versus Domestic Context. MIS Quarterly 19, 507-534. |
| K. Knoll and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. Learning Virtual Team Collaboration, in Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS), Hawaii. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. Reengineering Design Is Radical; Reengineering Change Is Not! Harvard Business School Cases. |
| R. Nolan, D. Stoddard, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and T.H. Davenport. 1995. Reengineering the Organization. Harvard Business School Press. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. Siemens Rolm Communications, Inc.: Integrated Logistics Core Process Redesign (ILCPR). Harvard Business School Cases. |
| Dorothy Leidner and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1995. The Use of Information Technology to Enhance Management School Education: A Theoretical View. MIS Quarterly 19, 265-291. |
| J. Ray Caron, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Donna B. Stoddard. 1994. Business Reengineering at CIGNA Corporation: Diffusing a New Way of Thinking. MIS Quarterly 18, 233-250. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1994. CIGNA Corp. Inc.: Managing and Institutionalizing Business Reengineering. Harvard Business School Cases. |
| E.A. Busch, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, N. Tractinsky, and W.H. Glick. 1994. Information Technology Alignment or "Fit" in Highly Turbulent Environments, in The Proceedings of the SIGCPR Conference, Washington, D.C. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1994. Organizational Fit and Flexibility: IT Design Principles for a Globally Competing Firm. Research in Strategic Management and Information Technology 1, 1-39. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1994. Pacific Bell: Centrex Reengineering. Harvard Business School Cases. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1994. The Global Network Organization of the Future: Information Management Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Management Information Systems 10, 25-57. |
| Donna B. Stoddard and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1993. Business Process Reengineering: IT-Enabled Radical Change. Harvard Business School Cases. |
| B. Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1993-1994.Competing with Information: Empowering Knowledge Networks with Information Technology. Annual Review of the Institute for Information Studies X, 53-87. |
| Blake Ives, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Richard O. Mason. 1993. Global Business Drivers: Aligning Information Technology to Global Business Strategy. IBM Systems Journal 32, 143-161. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1993. Organizing for Global Competition: The Fit of Information Technology. Decision Sciences 24, 547-580. |
| Dorothy Leidner and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1993. The Information Age Confronts Education: Case Studies on Electronic Classrooms. Information Systems Research 4, 24-54. |
| J. Elam, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and David A. Schkade. 1992. Behavioral Decision Theory and DSS: New Opportunities for Collaborative Research, in Information Systems and Decision Processes, E. Stohr and B. Konsysnski, eds. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Science Press. |
| J. Elam, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and David A. Schkade. 1992. Behavioral Decision Theory and DSS: New Opportunities for Collaborative Research, in Information Systems and Decision Processes: Charting New Directions for DSS Research, A Multidisciplinary Approach, B. Konsynski and E. Stohr, eds. IEEE Computer Society. |
| Iris Vessey, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Noam Tractinsky. 1992. Evaluation of Vendor Products: CASE Tools as Methodology Companions. Communications of the ACM 35, 90-105. |
| Blake Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1992. Global Information Technology: Some Lessons from Practice. International Information Systems 1, 1-15. |
| Blake Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1991. Applications of Global Information Technology: Key Issues for Management. MIS Quarterly 15. |
| V.S. (Chino) Rao and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1991. Computer Support for Support Groups: Theory-Based Models for GDSS Research. Management Science 37, 1347-1362. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1991. Executive Involvement and Participation in the Management of Information Technology: A Model and A Field Survey. MIS Quarterly 15, 205-227. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1991. Planning for Gold in IS Research: "Second-Hand Data", in Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, North-Holland. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Blake Ives, and Gordon B. Davis. 1991. The Supply of and the Demand for IS Doctorates in the 1990's. Communications of the ACM 34, 86-98. |
| Donald R. Lasher, Blake Ives, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1991. USAA-IBM Partnerships in Information Technology: Managing the Image Project. MIS Quarterly 15, 551-565. |
| B. Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1991. Writing the Stateless Corporation: Empowering the Drivers and Overcoming the Barriers. SIM Network. |
| B. Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1990. Global Information Technology: A New Challenge for the 1990's, in Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1990. Graphic Displays in Decision-Making - The Visual Salience Effect. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 3, 247-262. |
| B. Ives and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1990. Harnessing Global Information Technology. Leaders 13, 142-143. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Blake Ives. 1990. Information Technology and Corporate Strategy: A View From the Top. Information Systems Research 1, 351-376. |
| V.S. Rao and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989. Computer Support of Groups: A Search for Theoretical Models, in Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Jeff J. Machesky. 1989. Data Analysis and Learning: An Experimental Study of Data Modeling Tools. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 31, 367-391. |
| Gerarldine DeSanctis and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989. Forecasting Earnings Per Share: An Experimental Comparison of Graphical, Tabular, and Combined Graphical/Tabular Reporting Methods. Accounting, Organizations, and Society 14, 509-525. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989. Graphical Presentation of Accounting Data for Financial Forecasting: An Experimental Investigation. Accounting, Organizations and Society 14, 509-525. |
| Clair A. Ellis, Gail L. Rein, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989-1990.Nick Experimentation: Selected Results Concerning Effectiveness of Meeting Support Technology. Journal of Management Information Systems 6, 7-24. |
| C.A. Ellis, G.L. Rein, and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989. Nick Experimentation: Some Selected Results, in Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1989. The Effect of Task Demands and Graphical Format on Information Processing Strategies and Decision Making Performance. Management Science 35, 285-303. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, V.S. (Chino) Rao, and George P. Huber. 1988. Computer Support for Meetings of Medium-Size Team Working on Unstructured Problems: A Field Experiment. MIS Quarterly 12, 645-665. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1988. Empirical Investigation of Tufte's "Lie Factor" with Computer Generated Graphics, in Proceedings of the 3rd IFAC/IFIP Conference on Man-Machine Systems, Oulu, Finland. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Gary W. Dickson. 1988. Graphics and Managerial Decision Making: Research Based Guidelines. Communications of the ACM 31, 764-774. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Geraldine DeSanctis. 1988. Standard Scaling in Decision Graphs: An Empirical Investigation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 18, 824-831. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1988. The Importance of Laboratory Experimentation in Information Systems Research. Communications of the ACM 31, 1502-1504. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and J.J. Machesky. 1987. ER Modeling in Structured Systems Development Environment: A Case Study, in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on ER Modeling, |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and J.J. Machesky. 1986. End-User Learning Behavior in Data Analysis and Data Modeling Tools, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Systems, San Diego, CA. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Gary W. Dickson. 1986. Myth vs. Facts About Graphics in Decision Making. Spectrum 3. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Geraldine DeSanctis. 1985. An Empirical Investigation of the Summarizing Effects of Graphics, in Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, |
| Geraldine DeSanctis and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1985. An Investigation of the 'Table Versus Graphs' Controversy in a Learning Environment, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Systems, |
| Geraldine DeSanctis and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1985. Computer Graphics: Research Focuses on Effectiveness of Tables vs. Graphs. Minnesota Management Review 5, 6-7. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Gary W. Dickson, and Geraldine DeSanctis. 1985. Methodological Issues in Experimental IS Research: Experiences and Recommendations. MIS Quarterly 9, 141-156. |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa. 1984. Development of Problem Solving Skills in Information Systems Education, in Proceedings of Second Annual Doctoral Consortium for American Institute for Decision Sciences, |
| Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, Gary W. Dickson, and Geraldine DeSanctis. 1984. Methodological Issues in Experimental IS Research: Experiences and Recommendations, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Systems, |